查询

1 查找单个对象

GORM 提供了 First、Take、Last 方法，以便从数据库中检索单个对象。当查询数据库时它添加了 LIMIT 1 条件，且没有找到记录时，它会返回 ErrRecordNotFound 错误

// 获取第一条记录（主键升序）
db.First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// 获取一条记录，没有指定排序字段
db.Take(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 1;

// 获取最后一条记录（主键降序）
db.Last(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1;

result := db.First(&user)
result.RowsAffected // 返回找到的记录数
result.Error        // returns error or nil

// 检查 ErrRecordNotFound 错误
errors.Is(result.Error, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound)

如果你想避免ErrRecordNotFound错误，你可以使用Find，比如db.Limit(1).Find(&user)，Find方法可以接受struct和slice的数据。

First and Last 方法会按主键排序找到第一条记录和最后一条记录 (分别)。 只有在目标 struct 是指针或者通过 db.Model() 指定 model 时，该方法才有效。 此外，如果相关 model 没有定义主键，那么将按 model 的第一个字段进行排序。

var user User
var users []User

// works because destination struct is passed in
db.First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM `users` ORDER BY `users`.`id` LIMIT 1

// works because model is specified using `db.Model()`
result := map[string]interface{}{}
db.Model(&User{}).First(&result)
// SELECT * FROM `users` ORDER BY `users`.`id` LIMIT 1

// doesn't work
result := map[string]interface{}{}
db.Table("users").First(&result)

// works with Take
result := map[string]interface{}{}
db.Table("users").Take(&result)

// no primary key defined, results will be ordered by first field (i.e., `Code`)
type Language struct {
  Code string
  Name string
}
db.First(&Language{})
// SELECT * FROM `languages` ORDER BY `languages`.`code` LIMIT 1

2 根据主键检索

如果主键是数字类型，您可以使用 内联条件 来检索对象。 当使用字符串时，需要额外的注意来避免SQL注入

db.First(&user, 10)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;

db.First(&user, "10")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;

db.Find(&users, []int{1,2,3})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (1,2,3);

// 如果是字符串
db.First(&user, "id = ?", "1b74413f-f3b8-409f-ac47-e8c062e3472a")  
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = "1b74413f-f3b8-409f-ac47-e8c062e3472a";

当目标对象有一个主键值时，将使用主键构建查询条件，例如：

var user = User{ID: 10}
db.First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;

var result User
db.Model(User{ID: 10}).First(&result)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;

如果使用 gorm 的特定字段类型（例如 gorm.DeletedAt），它将运行不同的查询来检索对象。

type User struct {
  ID           string `gorm:"primarykey;size:16"`
  Name         string `gorm:"size:24"`
  DeletedAt    gorm.DeletedAt `gorm:"index"`
}

var user = User{ID: 15}
db.First(&user)
//  SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `users`.`id` = '15' AND `users`.`deleted_at` IS NULL ORDER BY `users`.`id` LIMIT 1

3 检索全部对象

// Get all records
result := db.Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users;

result.RowsAffected // returns found records count, equals `len(users)`
result.Error        // returns error

4 条件

4.1 string条件

// Get first matched record
db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// Get all matched records
db.Where("name <> ?", "jinzhu").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> 'jinzhu';

// IN
db.Where("name IN ?", []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name IN ('jinzhu','jinzhu 2');

// LIKE
db.Where("name LIKE ?", "%jin%").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE '%jin%';

// AND
db.Where("name = ? AND age >= ?", "jinzhu", "22").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' AND age >= 22;

// Time
db.Where("updated_at > ?", lastWeek).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE updated_at > '2000-01-01 00:00:00';

// BETWEEN
db.Where("created_at BETWEEN ? AND ?", lastWeek, today).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE created_at BETWEEN '2000-01-01 00:00:00' AND '2000-01-08 00:00:00';

如果对象设置了主键，条件查询将不会覆盖主键的值，而是用 And 连接条件。 例如：

var user = User{ID: 10}
db.Where("id = ?", 20).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10 and id = 20 ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 1

这个查询将会给出record not found错误 所以，在你想要使用例如 user 这样的变量从数据库中获取新值前，需要将例如 id 这样的主键设置为nil。

4.2 Struct&Map条件

// Struct
db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// Map
db.Where(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu", "age": 20}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20;

// Slice of primary keys
db.Where([]int64{20, 21, 22}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (20, 21, 22);

当使用结构体进行查询时，GORM只会查询非零字段，这意味着如果您的字段值是0、''、false或其他零值，则不会用于构建查询条件，例如：

db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 0}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu";

要在查询条件中包含零值，您可以使用一个map，这将包括所有键值作为查询条件，例如：

db.Where(map[string]interface{}{"Name": "jinzhu", "Age": 0}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 0;

4.3 指定结构体查询字段

在用结构体进行搜索时，您可以通过传递相关字段名或dbname到Where()中，来指定结构体中哪些特定的值用于查询条件，例如：

db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu"}, "name", "Age").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 0;

db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu"}, "Age").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 0;

4.4 内联条件

查询条件可以以类似Where的方式内联到First和Find等方法中。

// Get by primary key if it were a non-integer type
db.First(&user, "id = ?", "string_primary_key")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 'string_primary_key';

// Plain SQL
db.Find(&user, "name = ?", "jinzhu")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu";

db.Find(&users, "name <> ? AND age > ?", "jinzhu", 20)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age > 20;

// Struct
db.Find(&users, User{Age: 20})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;

// Map
db.Find(&users, map[string]interface{}{"age": 20})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;

4.5 Not条件

构建Not条件，跟Where类似

db.Not("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT name = "jinzhu" ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// Not In
db.Not(map[string]interface{}{"name": []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name NOT IN ("jinzhu", "jinzhu 2");

// Struct
db.Not(User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 18}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age <> 18 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// Not In slice of primary keys
db.Not([]int64{1,2,3}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id NOT IN (1,2,3) ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

4.6 Or条件

db.Where("role = ?", "admin").Or("role = ?", "super_admin").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE role = 'admin' OR role = 'super_admin';

// Struct
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(User{Name: "jinzhu 2", Age: 18}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR (name = 'jinzhu 2' AND age = 18);

// Map
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu 2", "age": 18}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR (name = 'jinzhu 2' AND age = 18);

5 选择特定字段

Select 允许您指定要从数据库中检索的字段。否则，GORM 将默认选择所有字段。

db.Select("name", "age").Find(&users)
// SELECT name, age FROM users;

db.Select([]string{"name", "age"}).Find(&users)
// SELECT name, age FROM users;

db.Table("users").Select("COALESCE(age,?)", 42).Rows()
// SELECT COALESCE(age,'42') FROM users;

6 排序

在从数据库检索记录时指定排序

db.Order("age desc, name").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;

// Multiple orders
db.Order("age desc").Order("name").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;

db.Clauses(clause.OrderBy{
  Expression: clause.Expr{SQL: "FIELD(id,?)", Vars: []interface{}{[]int{1, 2, 3}}, WithoutParentheses: true},
}).Find(&User{})
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY FIELD(id,1,2,3)

7 Limit&Offset

Limit指定要检索的最大记录数，Offset指定在开始返回记录之前要跳过的记录数

db.Limit(3).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 3;

// Cancel limit condition with -1
db.Limit(10).Find(&users1).Limit(-1).Find(&users2)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10; (users1)
// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)

db.Offset(3).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 3;

db.Limit(10).Offset(5).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 5 LIMIT 10;

// Cancel offset condition with -1
db.Offset(10).Find(&users1).Offset(-1).Find(&users2)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 10; (users1)
// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)

8 Group By & Having

type result struct {
  Date  time.Time
  Total int
}

db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Where("name LIKE ?", "group%").Group("name").First(&result)
// SELECT name, sum(age) as total FROM `users` WHERE name LIKE "group%" GROUP BY `name` LIMIT 1


db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Group("name").Having("name = ?", "group").Find(&result)
// SELECT name, sum(age) as total FROM `users` GROUP BY `name` HAVING name = "group"

rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Rows()
defer rows.Close()
for rows.Next() {
  ...
}

rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Rows()
defer rows.Close()
for rows.Next() {
  ...
}

type Result struct {
  Date  time.Time
  Total int64
}
db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Scan(&results)

9 Distinct

从模型中选择不同的值

db.Distinct("name", "age").Order("name, age desc").Find(&results)

10 Joins

指定连接条件

type result struct {
  Name  string
  Email string
}

db.Model(&User{}).Select("users.name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Scan(&result{})
// SELECT users.name, emails.email FROM `users` left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id

rows, err := db.Table("users").Select("users.name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Rows()
for rows.Next() {
  ...
}

db.Table("users").Select("users.name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Scan(&results)

// multiple joins with parameter
db.Joins("JOIN emails ON emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?", "[e-mail]").Joins("JOIN credit_cards ON credit_cards.user_id = users.id").Where("credit_cards.number = ?", "411111111111").Find(&user)

10.1 预加载

可以使用Joins预加载关联

db.Joins("Company").Find(&users)  
// SELECT `users`.`id`,`users`.`name`,`users`.`age`,`Company`.`id` AS `Company__id`,`Company`.`name` AS `Company__name` FROM `users` LEFT JOIN `companies` AS `Company` ON `users`.`company_id` = `Company`.`id`;  
  
// inner join  
db.InnerJoins("Company").Find(&users)  
// SELECT `users`.`id`,`users`.`name`,`users`.`age`,`Company`.`id` AS `Company__id`,`Company`.`name` AS `Company__name` FROM `users` INNER JOIN `companies` AS `Company` ON `users`.`company_id` = `Company`.`id`;

10.2 Join子表

可以使用Join连接一个派生表

type User struct {
    Id  int
    Age int
}

type Order struct {
    UserId     int
    FinishedAt *time.Time
}

query := db.Table("order").Select("MAX(order.finished_at) as latest").Joins("left join user user on order.user_id = user.id").Where("user.age > ?", 18).Group("order.user_id")
db.Model(&Order{}).Joins("join (?) q on order.finished_at = q.latest", query).Scan(&results)
// SELECT `order`.`user_id`,`order`.`finished_at` FROM `order` join (SELECT MAX(order.finished_at) as latest FROM `order` left join user user on order.user_id = user.id WHERE user.age > 18 GROUP BY `order`.`user_id`) q on order.finished_at = q.latest

11 Scan

将结果表扫到结构体中，跟Find类似

type Result struct {  
  Name string  
  Age  int  
}  
  
var result Result  
db.Table("users").Select("name", "age").Where("name = ?", "Antonio").Scan(&result)  
  
// Raw SQL  
db.Raw("SELECT name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Antonio").Scan(&result)

12 相关方法

12.1 func (db *DB) First(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB)

• 功能：获取按主键升序排序的第一条记录

• 排序规则：

  • 默认按主键升序排序 (ORDER BY primary_key ASC)

  • 非自增主键可能导致意外结果

  • 没有主键使用第一个字段进行排序

12.2 func (db *DB) Take(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB)

• 功能：获取任意一条记录（无排序）

• 不指定排序规则 (LIMIT 1)

• 数据库依赖实现，通常返回最早插入的记录

12.3 func (db *DB) Last(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB)

• 功能：获取按主键降序排序的第一条记录

• 排序规则：跟 Frist 类似

以上三个单记录查询会在未找到记录时返回 ErrRecordNotFound 错误。

12.4 func (db *DB) Find(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB)

• 功能：查询多条记录并填充到切片中

• dest必须是指向切片的指针

• 空结果返回空切片，不会返回错误

12.5 func (db *DB) Where(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB)

• 功能：添加Where条件

• 注意：查询应都用Where进行参数化查询，避免SQL注入风险

// 安全：参数化
db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu")

// 危险：SQL注入
db.Where("name = '" + name + "'")

• 多Where条件组合会用 And 进行连接

12.6 func (db *DB) Order(value interface{}) (tx *DB)

• 功能：指定结果排序方式

db.Order("age desc, name asc")

• 多个一起使用后面的会覆盖前面的排序指定

12.7 func (db *DB) Scan(dest interface{}) (tx *DB)

• 功能：将查询结果映射到指定目标（结构体、map 或基础类型），不依赖模型定义

• 特典：

  1. ​​灵活映射​​：

     • 支持结构体、map、基础类型及其切片

     • 不要求目标类型是 GORM 模型

  2. ​​结果处理​​：

     • 查询无结果时，目标变量​​保持原值不变​​

     • 字段名自动匹配（不区分大小写，蛇形命名转换）

  3. ​​链式调用​​：

     • 需配合 Select、Table、Raw等方法使用